APA in the news:

Vermont Drug Program Wins Praise

In fewer than two years, Chittenden County's top prosecutor has diverted hundreds of criminal suspects out of court and into drug treatment programs. The practice, touted as a means to lower recidivism rates and save taxpayer money, has garnered support from Vermont lawmakers and law enforcers, as well as a national organization of prosecutors.  Gov. Peter Shumlin praised Chittenden County State's Attorney T.J. Donovan and Mary Alice McKenzie, executive director of the Boys & Girls Club of Burlington, Tuesday for pitching the "rapid intervention" program to legislators two years ago.  "As governor, I want to see it applied to every courthouse in Vermont," Shumlin told reporters at the Costello Courthouse in Burlington on Tuesday.  Donovan said the program accepts only nonviolent offenders, generally accused of writing bad checks or otherwise stealing to support drug addictions. Since September 2010, 624 criminal suspects have enrolled in the program. To date, 482 have completed treatment. Of those, 66, or 14 percent, have reoffended.  The program, though still in its infancy, will maintain a lower rate of recidivism than the Department of Corrections, Donovan said. According to Corrections, 66 percent of inmates released from prison reoffend and return to jail within three years.  Donovan said his office generally requires suspects enrolled in the program to undergo 90 days of treatment, at a cost of about $95 a day. Comparatively, incarcerating a suspect costs $180 a day, he said.  "I've got no problem sending people to jail," Donovan said. "People who need help, we get them help. That's what this program's about."  Tuesday, roughly 30 politicians, prosecutors, social workers and police, including Burlington Mayor Miro Weinberger and Deputy Police Chief Andi Higbee, joined Shumlin in supporting the program.  Although he endorsed the project, Shumlin stopped short of endorsing Donovan in his run for attorney general against incumbent and fellow Democrat William Sorrell.  "I'm staying out of any primaries among Democrats," Shumlin said. "I can tell you that T.J. has been an extraordinary prosecutor for Vermont and has really been an extraordinary leader."  On May 7, the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, based in Washington, D.C., named Donovan's office a winner of the Innovative Community Engagement award, for demonstrating "innovative leadership and an ongoing commitment to community engagement and public safety."  "It's a political risk to implement a program like this," said Erika Smart, a community coordinator in Donovan's office who screens criminal cases for rapid intervention candidates. "As an elected official, it takes foresight to look down the road and decide what you want to see in a few years. What the end game should be." 

Burlington Free Press

Association of Prosecuting Attorneys Statement on 2012 National Community Prosecution Conference: A Framework for High Performance Prosecutorial Services

Washington, DC - May 7, 2012 Prosecutors and criminal justice experts from around the nation convened in Minneapolis, MN May 7th-8th for the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys (APA) National Community Prosecution Conference: A Framework for High Performance Prosecutorial Services at Target Headquarters. Presented by APA in partnership with the Department of Justice's (DOJ) Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) and the Center for Court Innovation (CCI), participants discussed the changing challenges faced by prosecutors and the cost-effective opportunities for improved public safety provided by innovative community-justice-based programs. 

Conference Day One closed with the Innovative Community Engagement (I.C.E.) Awards Ceremony, recognizing individuals and companies that have demonstrated innovative leadership and an ongoing commitment to community engagement and public safety.  Award recipients include the following: 

• Honorable Charles J. Hynes, Kings County (Brooklyn, NY) District Attorney; 
• Honorable Thomas J. Donovan, Chittenden County (Vermont) State's Attorney; 
• Assistant District Attorney Christopher Ladwig, Milwaukee County District Attorney's Office; and 
• Target Corporation

For a copy of the complete conference press release please click here. For associated media releases on the award recipients above, please click the hyperlink attached to their name.

A number of people were shot to death Thursday morning at a cockfight in rural South Texas as police continue to struggle with the centuries-old blood sport despite renewed efforts to stamp it out. Few details were available about the crime, which occurred in the small town of Edcouch, about 25 miles north of the Mexican border. Masked gunmen were reported to have opened fire at the cockfight, killing three and wounding eight. The McAllen [Texas] Monitor reported that several assailants ambushed spectators and participants alike behind a farmhouse where the cockfights were held, "shooting indiscriminately." The investigating sheriff's office, which released a statement referring to "multiple" murders, declined to comment. Cockfighting remains relatively common in the state, both in rural areas and in cities, according to police, who say it is difficult to penetrate the tightknit groups that run the fights. "It's all very hush-hush," said Rey Lujan, deputy chief of criminal investigations for the Bexar County Sheriff's Office in San Antonio, which in January raided a fight, confiscating about 100 roosters and $10,000 in cash. In February, a man was killed at a fight in East Texas after an argument over a bet, said Van Zandt County Sheriff R.P. Burnett Jr. Thousands of dollars often are wagered on cockfights, which typically involve strapping razor-sharp knives to the legs of roosters, which fight until one of them is killed or knocked out. Fight promoters charge people to park and attend the events, as well as to enter their birds in fights. "There's a mentality, particularly among rural people, that this activity is OK," said Joel Caldwell, a lieutenant with the Galveston Police Department, which in December raided a ranch where more than 300 fighting cocks were allegedly being raised. "You'll hear people say, 'We're just fighting our dinner before we eat it.' " Police officers say they have been aided by a Texas law enacted last year that stiffens criminal penalties for cockfighting, including allowing officers to criminally charge people who attend cockfights or who allow their property to be used for fights. The highest penalties under federal and state law apply both to those who bring the animals to a fight and to those who handle the animals during fights. "When police officers roll up on a cockfight, everyone runs and you're left with a bunch of birds," said Belinda Smith, chief of the animal-cruelty section of the Harris County District Attorney's Office in Houston. Now, at least, she said, "you can prosecute the property owners." Still, Ms. Smith said she believes the law should be strengthened further so that cockfighting carries penalties as stiff as those for dogfighting, which carry a possible jail term. "There are a lot of folks inside Houston who have hundreds of birds on their property," she said. "We haven't upgraded cockfighting law enough." Cockfighting is a persistent problem in other places as well, including Southern California, said David LaBahn, president of the Washington, D.C.-based Association of Prosecuting Attorneys. Federal legislation is pending that would make it a crime to attend animal fights, in addition to the federal criminal penalties already in place against those who wage the fights. "Federal criminal laws needs to be strengthened to crack down on cockfighting and hopefully prevent future tragedies like the one in South Texas from happening again," said Nicole Paquette, Texas Director for the Humane Society of the United States.

Wall Street Journal

Trayvon Martin's killing is now a murder case

SANFORD, Fla. - The killing of Trayvon Martin has for weeks fed a national debate about police profiling, self-defense laws, racism and even gun control.  The murder charge is likely to face intense scrutiny in the weeks ahead as it is weighed against Florida's "stand your ground" law, which police cited the night of the shooting as the reason Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, was never charged in the first place. The law gives Florida citizens the right to use deadly force if they feel threatened; Zimmerman contends that he was attacked by Trayvon and brutally beaten. "I can tell you we did not come to this decision lightly," Corey said, lamenting the intense media attention brought to the case, which has been broadcast on TV nationwide. "We do not prosecute by public pressure or by petition." Lawrence Kobilinsky, a forensics expert at the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, says the physical evidence - the autopsy and ballistics reports, for example - will likely play an important role for the prosecution because the eyewitness accounts are unreliable. Witnesses who called 911 or have spoken to the news media have said it was dark. Some say they heard the scuffle between the men but didn't see it. David LaBahn, president and CEO of the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys and a former prosecutor, said self-defense cases are most often the most difficult to prosecute. "There are a lot of other sides to them," LaBahn said. In this case, "the accused and the victim have tremendous support communities. So no matter what her decision is folks will be unhappy with it." Some say that prosecutors overreacted by charging Zimmerman and say that the case could have a chilling effect on self-defense cases in the future.

USA Today

Arrest made in Martin death

SANFORD - The killing of Trayvon Martin has for weeks fed a national debate about police profiling, self-defense laws, racism and even gun control. Wednesday, the death of the unarmed black teenager in a "hoodie" became something else: A murder case. Florida state attorney Angela Corey said in Jacksonville that George Zimmerman, 28, had been taken into custody and was awaiting arraignment within 24 hours on a charge of second-degree murder in the death of the 17-year-old. He could face life in prison if convicted. "This sends a clear message to the world that the state of Florida values the sanctity of life and recognizes that no person has the right to take the law into their own hands as Zimmerman did," said Chuck Hobbs, a Tallahassee defense attorney who has been following the case closely. The murder charge is likely to face intense scrutiny in the weeks ahead as it is weighed against Florida's Stand Your Ground law, which police cited the night of the shooting as the reason Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer, was never charged in the first place. The law gives citizens the right to use deadly force if they feel threatened; Zimmerman says that he was attacked by Trayvon and brutally beaten. "I can tell you we did not come to this decision lightly," Corey said, lamenting the intense media attention brought to the case, which has been broadcast on TV nationwide. "We do not prosecute by public pressure or by petition." Indeed, the Feb. 26 killing was elevated by social media and carried to Wednesday's news conference by rallies across the country filled with protesters donning hoodies. The U.S. Justice Department became involved and even President Obama weighed in, offering: "If I had a son, he'd look like Trayvon." Anabelle Dias, a Tallahassee defense attorney, said she thinks the Stand Your Ground Law was on trial rather than Zimmerman. "Everyone should be assumed innocent until proven guilty," she said. "The police department assumed him innocent. Hopefully he can go to trial instead of the (Stand Your Ground) law." Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi said the prosecutor's decision to charge Zimmerman was the result of "a swift and thorough investigation" and a "commitment to bringing justice to Trayvon's family and allowing due process for Zimmerman." NAACP President Ben Jealous called the charge "an important first step toward bringing justice for Trayvon and his family" and said racial profiling of young black men was at the heart of the case. "We anticipate and expect a thorough federal investigation of the Sanford Police Department and their role in exacerbating this tragedy," he said. The U.S. Justice Department is also conducting an investigation. The case also put a spotlight on Florida's new "stand your ground" law that enhanced legal protections for individuals who shoot another when they believe they are in danger. Corey said the law provides an "affirmative defense" that, if raised by Zimmerman, will be considered by a Florida criminal court. "If it becomes an issue in this case, we will fight that affirmative defense," she said. David LaBahn, president and CEO of the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys and a former prosecutor, said self-defense cases are most often the most difficult to prosecute.

Tallahassee.com

Trayvon Martin case reveals confusion over how Stand Your Ground works

ATLANTA -- Stand Your Ground laws were sold in US legislatures primarily as a victims' rights measure, to limit what many saw as prosecutors second-guessing situations where someone had a split second to make a life-or-death decision to defend themselves with force. But in the wake of the Trayvon Martin tragedy in Sanford, Fla., as well as the racially charged rampage last week in Tulsa, Okla., some critics are now wondering whether the gutting of prosecutorial discretion in many self-defense cases has created a legal no man's land. George Zimmerman has claimed self-defense in the fatal shooting of Trayvon, an unarmed teen. Although reports Wednesday indicated that Mr. Zimmerman would be charged, the initial decision by police to not arrest him spurred protests and threats. On Monday, for example, an empty police car was riddled with bullets near the scene of the Feb. 26 shooting. In the Oklahoma case, part of the motivation for the rampage may have been a police judgment about self-defense in an earlier incident. Oklahoma has had a Stand Your Ground law since 2006. In the shootings last Friday, two white gunmen wounded five random black people, killing three. The way that Stand Your Ground laws have operated in these cases - particularly the Florida one - has offended many people's sense of justice. In their eyes, it even signals the changing of a basic social compact, as they wonder whether the government has the tools to properly administer street justice. At the least, the cases have revealed confusion among both the police and the public over how Stand Your Ground is supposed to work. "The waters get muddied because a lot of this legislation changes the burden of proof and standard of review," says Steven Jansen, a spokesman for the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys in Washington, which has opposed tenets of the Stand Your Ground laws. "Before, you would have an objective standard: What would a prudent person have done in a similar situation? And now, it's more of a subjective test: You have to get inside the mind of the person that has used deadly force." Pushed by pro-gun-rights groups like the National Rifle Association (NRA) and the American Legislative Exchange Council, Stand Your Ground laws seem simple on their face. Under such laws, legally carrying citizens have no legal obligation to retreat from a dangerous situation, and they need not fear prosecution if they reasonably meet force with equal or deadlier force to protect themselves or someone else in public.

Christian Science Monitor

Stand Your Ground Laws Coincide with Jump in Justifiable Homicide Cases

In the seven years since it was enacted, the Florida law and others like it have become an effective defense for an increasing number of people who have shot others, according to state records and media reports. Justifiable homicides in Florida have tripled, according to Florida Department of Law Enforcement data. Other states have seen similar increases, FBI statistics show. In the five years before the law's passage, Florida prosecutors declared "justifiable" an average of 12 killings by private citizens each year. (Most justifiable killings are committed by police officers; those cases, which have also tripled, are not included in these statistics.) But in the five years after the law passed, that number spiked to an average of 36 justifiable killings per year. Neither the state nor Florida's association of prosecutors declares the jump in justifiable homicides to be a direct result of the new law, but the state public defender's association does draw that connection, as have advocacy groups opposed to Stand Your Ground laws. The Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, a national group, argues that Stand Your Ground is not just a technical expansion of the castle doctrine, the ancient legal concept that allows property owners to defend their homes, but rather a barrier to prosecution of genuine criminals. "It's almost like we now have to prove a negative - that a person was not acting in self-defense, often on the basis of only one witness, the shooter," said Steven A. Jansen, the group's vice president. The Tampa Bay Times has identified at least 130 cases in Florida in which shooters cited the Stand Your Ground law to defend their actions; in at least 50 of those cases, prosecutors decided against bringing any charges. After her victory in Florida, Hammer, the NRA lobbyist, brought the new law to the Criminal Justice Task Force of ALEC, the conservative legislative group. The task force made the Florida law a model to be presented in every state capital. Since then, 32 states have copied at least part of Florida's statute, according to the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys. The NRA and other conservative groups have continued to push the issue in other states, though the effort has stalled amid outcry over the Martin case. Liberal groups are targeting ALEC for its role in spreading the laws, including a protest outside its Washington headquarters last week. In the past few days, after the black advocacy group Color of Change led an online campaign urging major businesses to cut ties with ALEC, three huge companies - Coca-Cola, PepsiCo and Kraft Foods - announced that they will end their membership in the council. ALEC has sought to distance itself from the Martin case, saying it was not involved in drafting the Florida law. But minutes of ALEC meetings describe "the continuing success of the Castle Doctrine Act throughout the states," and ALEC's 2007 legislative score card lists the spread of Florida's law as a highlight of the group's successes. ALEC, founded in the 1970s by conservative activist Paul Weyrich, has long been the target of liberal groups who say it wields undue influence in statehouses. ALEC funders include the NRA and organizations linked to billionaires David and Charles Koch, who are key donors to many conservative groups. ALEC's "private enterprise board" includes executives representing companies such as Exxon Mobil, Johnson & Johnson and AT&T, records show. ALEC spokeswoman Kaitlyn Buss said critics are making "a cynical, callous attempt to turn tragedy into politics." "Using Trayvon Martin's death in pursuit of such a dishonest dialogue is political opportunism at its worst," she said.

Washington Post

In Martin Case, Tough Choice Looms for Prosecutor

Announcing late Tuesday that she would release new information within 72 hours, Angela B. Corey, the Florida state attorney in the Trayvon Martin case, faces one of the toughest tests in the art of prosecution. Unless her investigation of the fatal shooting of Mr. Martin by a neighborhood watch coordinator, George Zimmerman, uncovers a great deal more solid evidence than has been disclosed, the case will remain a narrative Rorschach that each side will interpret as it wishes. Finding the criminal charges that can be proved beyond a reasonable doubt, or deciding that Mr. Zimmerman's account of defending himself in the face of deadly force places him within the protections of Florida's Stand Your Ground law, Ms. Corey has undertaken an exercise that is unlikely to satisfy everyone. "Factually, we know there was a killing," said David LaBahn, the president of the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys. "Now the question is: Is it a murder, or a manslaughter, or a justifiable homicide? Is it an involuntary manslaughter? Is it an assault?" Douglas A. Berman, a professor at Ohio State University's Moritz College of Law, said, "It's inevitable whatever she chooses to do will be subject to questioning and potential attack if the choices don't fit a particular group's narrative vision of what took place." That narrative took a bizarre turn on Tuesday when two lawyers for Mr. Zimmerman held a news conference in Sanford, Fla., to say they had withdrawn from the case and had not heard from him since the weekend. The lawyers, Craig Sonner and Hal Uhrig, said that against their advice, their client had reached out to Ms. Corey for a meeting. The special prosecutor had declined to speak with Mr. Zimmerman without his lawyers present. They said Mr. Zimmerman had also contacted the Fox News host Sean Hannity, but would not reveal the substance of the call. Mr. Zimmerman has also started a Web site, therealgeorgezimmerman.com, asking for funds to deal with the "life altering event" that, he wrote, forced him "to leave my home, my school, my employer, my family and ultimately, my entire life." His lawyers said they had been unaware of Mr. Zimmerman's plans to create the site. In an interview, Mr. Sonner said, "I am concerned about George," adding, "He is not acting in his best interest right now." Mr. Sonner believes that his former client, who has also not returned calls from his father, is no longer in Florida, he said, adding that he was ready to resume his representation if Mr. Zimmerman explained his actions since the weekend and said, "I was wrong." Mr. Sonner stressed, "I stand by everything I have said about George and the case: that he acted in self-defense and that he is not a racist." The Martin family's lawyer, Benjamin Crump, said it was worried that Mr. Zimmerman had disappeared and considered him a flight risk. "The family has some serious concerns about the fact that the killer of their son, Trayvon Martin, is unaccounted for," Mr. Crump said. "Nobody knows where he's at." Mr. Zimmerman followed Mr. Martin on the evening of Feb. 26 as Mr. Martin walked back to the home where he was staying in a gated community in Sanford. Mr. Zimmerman said he shot Mr. Martin in self-defense after Mr. Martin, who was 17 and unarmed, confronted and assaulted him. The shooting, and an investigation that resulted in no charges because of Florida's Stand Your Ground law, led to a nationwide clamor for justice for Mr. Martin, who was black. Mr. Zimmerman is Hispanic. When deciding how to proceed with a criminal case, prosecutors must decide whether to seek the toughest possible charges, said Gabriel J. Chin, a professor at the University of California, Davis, School of Law. "There is a tradition of 'charging high' and letting the jury decide," he said, but that strategy has its risks. "You don't want to make an opening statement to the jury where you hurt your credibility," Professor Chin said, by seeming to impute motives to a defendant without being able to prove them. "If you end up overreaching, you could wind up with nothing."

New York Times

Association of Prosecuting Attorneys Statement on Legislative Expansion of the Castle Doctrine

New Laws Create Dangerous Confusion in Well-established Right of Self-defense and Defending One's Home. See APA Press Release dated March 26, 2012.

MarketWatch

The Business Journals

A Rise in Homicides After "Stand Your Ground"

THE SHOOTING death of Trayvon Martin has shone a light on a new breed of law that enforcers accurately predicted would lead to the kind of confrontations that took the life of the Florida teenager. Mr. Martin was killed in February by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer in his Sanford, Fla., townhouse community. Recordings of the 911 call made by Mr. Zimmerman to police show him stalking the 17-year-old, whom he described as suspicious and possibly high on drugs. Mr. Martin was unarmed when he was shot, but Mr. Zimmerman was not charged with any crime - in part because of Florida's "Stand Your Ground" law. Florida enacted the law in 2005, becoming the first of some 20 states to adopt such a measure. The law shields individuals from prosecution if police determine they used deadly force in self-defense. This much is relatively uncontroversial, given that individuals have always had a right to defend themselves against attack; these protections are particularly strong if one is attacked inside the home. What makes the Stand Your Ground law dangerous is that it absolves the individual of any responsibility to consider other ways to avoid harm. Before Stand Your Ground laws, police and law enforcement officials assessed whether a "reasonable person" would have resorted to the level of violence used to thwart an attack; the new law turns that standard on its head and immunizes an individual from criminal charges if he asserts he had a "reasonable" fear of grave harm. Florida's Stand Your Ground law applies wherever the person has a right to be - whether in his home, his car or his business or on a public sidewalk. According to the Tampa Bay Times, Florida experienced an average of 34 "justifiable homicides" before 2005; two years after the Stand Your Ground law was enacted, the number jumped to more than 100. Similarly disturbing spikes have been found in other states with similar laws. According to an analysis of FBI data done by the office of New York Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg (I), who co-chairs the 650-strong Mayors Against Illegal Guns, states that passed Stand Your Ground laws experienced a 53.5 percent increase in "justifiable homicides" in the three years following enactment; states without such laws saw a 4.2 percent increase. The Association of Prosecuting Attorneys opposed Stand Your Ground laws, arguing that they were unnecessary and likely a danger to public safety. In a 2007 report, they foreshadowed the Trayvon Martin tragedy. "Although the spirit of the law may be to allow the public to feel safer, the expansions may instead create a sense of fear from others, particularly strangers," the report said, concluding that enactment would have a "disproportionately negative effect on minorities, persons from lower socio-economic status, and young adults/juveniles" who are often unjustly stereotyped as suspects.

Washington Post Editorial

Florida Shooting Renews Debate Over "Stand Your Ground" Laws

In the months after the Florida Legislature passed a law in 2005 allowing residents to use deadly force to protect themselves no matter where they were, gun-control advocates plastered the state with fliers bearing warnings to tourists. Be careful, the fliers said. Florida had become a "shoot first" state. The issue has remained in the news, on and off, ever since, but perhaps never so much as now in the aftermath of the shooting death of an unarmed teen in Sanford, Florida. A neighborhood watch volunteer, George Zimmerman, has claimed self-defense in the February 26 shooting of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin, who was killed while walking back to the house of his father's fiancee after a trip to a convenience store. Florida's "stand your ground" law appears to be central to the case. The law allows people to use deadly force away from their homes -- where such force has long been allowed -- if they have reasonable fear an assailant could seriously harm them or someone else. It also eliminates a longstanding "duty to retreat" in the face of imminent harm, asserting that would-be crime victims have the right to "stand their ground" and "meet force with force" when attacked as long as they are in a place they have a right to be, are not engaged in unlawful activity and believe that their life and safety was in danger. Laws extending the traditional "castle doctrine" are in effect in 32 states, according to the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys, which counts as members about 1,000 prosecutors, many of them in larger jurisdictions. The group opposes such laws, saying they don't solve problems and tie the hands of prosecutors, said association President David LaBahn. "In its most egregious forms, it appears to be giving criminal immunity," he said. CNN legal analyst Jeffrey Toobin said the Florida law is particularly notable.

CNN

State's Attorney Brings Community Prosecution to Baltimore

On a cold December evening, Baltimore's top prosecutor stood before a roomful of city residents, most of whom would have given anything to be somewhere else. They had all lost a loved one to violence and were assembled to remember the dead. "Although I've only been the state's attorney for just about a year, it is something that I am single-minded about," Gregg L. Bernstein told the audience. "We are working harder and harder every day in an effort to reduce violence." Being there was part of his plan. Bernstein believes that connecting with the community is key to making the city safer - so much so, that he's overhauling his office to do so. Today, the first anniversary of his official swearing-in, Bernstein will launch a "community prosecution" concept. It's his biggest initiative to date, and it will alter the way the city handles serious crimes. "It's a sea-change," Bernstein said in an interview. Community prosecution is an umbrella term used to describe a range of programs that connect prosecutors with residents. Community prosecution has roots in Manhattan, where the district attorney's office assigned a "community affairs officer" to work with police and neighborhood representatives in 1985, according to the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys. A few years later, an Oregon district attorney launched the first formal community prosecution program to help reduce drug crimes, and soon others followed. Brooklyn, N.Y., was the first to try the zone model, dividing many of its 400 prosecutors into five geographic areas in 1991. The Association of Prosecuting Attorneys released a guide last year of "performance indicators" that prosecutors can use to measure their success. The guide recommends surveying the community and victims who deal with prosecutors and calculating interactions, among other things. "It is changing from the traditional model where you would measure performance on maybe conviction rates or attrition of cases through the office, and now you're looking at other areas," said Steven Jansen, vice president of the association and a former director of the National Center for Community Prosecution.

The Baltimore Sun

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For all media inquires please contact either: 

David LaBahn, President & CEO
202-570-0763
David.labahn@apainc.org

or
Steven Jansen, COO
202-570-0765
     Steven.jansen@apainc.org